My Plan for Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Plan for Reconstruction - Essay Example I must say to them that tyranny, exploitation and a subhuman treatment spanning across decades do stifle the human ability to dream. So on this momentous eve, I extend to our black brethren the freedom of daring to dream. These dreams will need to be supported by ample persistence and perseverance and the opportunities to seek education and justice. I know they understand the fundamental meaning of freedom. Now what they need to learn is that how this freedom is formally exercised and enjoyed in the American political and socio-economic life. I evoke them to extend their hands and grasp their fair share in the American political and socio-economic life. Dream and everything will become possible! I predict that it will not be a miracle if one day, one of their sons and daughters becomes the President of the United States of America. Surprisingly, there were many amongst us who kept the flame of freedom and liberty lighted amidst the winds of greed and debauchery. I thank them and at t he same time intend to remind them that our struggle is far from over. The vested interests that gave way to slavery, a thing that was totally and abominably contrary to what we believe in, are as potent today as they were at any other time. The abolitionists no doubt comprise of one of the most enlightened spirits in America. The nation will require their services for long times to come. Who can better become the voice of those that had been denied a voice than our fellow brothers and sisters who fought for the rights of the oppressed?

Iberia Airlines Essay Example for Free

Iberia Airlines Essay i. whom does it serve? In 1944, the civil Aviation Conference was held in Chacigo, where fifty two states siged an International Convention that established the basic principles for the functioning of the air market: each country could negotiate bilateral agreements with other countries in order to regulate the market conditions that would govern air traffic. Before the 1980’s, the planning system used was basically â€Å" point to point†, that is to say, direct flights from one city of origin to another of destination. Instead of planning simple routes, they planned routes from and to the hub airports that came from or were going to other cities. In 1959, ii. What value does it deliver? They used medium and low capacity aircraft on low density routes. Generally they only made domestic flights and rarely international ones. They competed with flag carriers and also with low cost carriers, which had caused a decline in their per passenger income. For that reason, some regional companies decided to go into partnership with flag carriers which results to also low cost carriers. iii. Why does it matter? It matters with the 1.9 billion passengers carried safely by the airline, because of the low cost but efficient carrier. The strategic master plan II 2000-2013, established customer service as one of its priority objectives which in fact result with the passenger’s satisfaction that would be converted to profit. iv. What is its ambition? Its ambition is to suffice the need of its passengers while giving low cost in a way that their service will be still in the international level and not only for domestic purposes with the intention to give a safe and worth it flights. 2. How does the firm create and capture value? i. What is its difference? Its difference is that it gives low cost flights which gives the customers the right satisfaction. They managed flights â€Å"point-to-point†, both scheduled and short haul. They used to regional airports that were cheaper and less crowded than the main airports. Nevertheless, some low-cost carriers such as easyJet and Vueling also used main airports. They had homogenous fleets that facilitated crew information and saved on maintenance costs. They offered one class only with high density seating and no in-flight service. They made sales directly by telephone and internet without issuing tickets. They offered unnumbered seats on the aircraft so as to speed-up the boarding process. They subcontracted many activities such as ground assistance or maintenance. They employees were not union members, and in many cases they contracted for several tasks. Iberia enabled Iberia to ramp up its security without having to take on additional staff. The automatic detections made by Vi-System have resulted in more effective surveillance, managed centrally from the security team’s headquarters, without the need for regular patrols around the large site. ii. How does it deliver its value proposition? Our research indicates that most companies, when asked to construct a customer value proposition, simply list all the benefits they believe that their offering might deliver to target customers. Therefore, the benefits of Iberia are as follows: 1. Non expensive flights 2. Safe flights What makes its strategy superior? Its strategy is superior because they know how to choose their trusted customers. Customers which aims for a low prices offered by the airlines, they made their schedules convenient and frequent, made a good edge by making good previous experience and definitely a direct flight. iii. How does it evolve? It has established partnerships with other flag carriers. Iberia became a partner of European regional airlines although still having independent capitals but it they achieved better service and obtained positive results 8. Describe the here and now condition of the firm as given by your case material PEST Political factors: -Government regulations regarding the safety of the people -Economic policies of government regarding the airline industry, these may include licenses, inspection by the duly authorities that is airline companies follow. Economic factors: Interest rate would impact the cost of capital, the rate of interest being directly proportionate to the to the cost of capital Economic trends act as an indicator of the sustenance and profitability of your business in the chosen region and help you in deciding your marketing strategy. Rate of inflation determines the rate of remuneration of employees and directly affects the price of the restaurant’s products. Again, the proportion between the inflation rate and wages/prices is direct Social Factors: -Certain cultures, like 1st world countries would not choose to go to the Iberia airline just to save money, they would choose airlines which gives better customer satisfaction. Technological Factor: The technology of the Iberia Airlines is very efficient because when the internet was used, the Iberia Airlines quickly took the idea of selling tickets in the internet. Porters 5 forces It is known for a fact the Iberia Airlines is not the first airlines, but it is said by porter that when there’s a new one, there will always be an old one. Its idea of selling tickets cheaper compared to other companies is a stepping stone. The advantage of this airline is that it has cheaper flights compared to other airlines but same service. Its technology is sufficient and ready for competition. In its early age, it is a fact that there were already 1.9 billion customers and a basis to have a reason of better achievement compared to other rivals. The Mckinsey 7S Strategy: to build partnerships among other airlines but still having independent capital to have independent profit Structure: Everyone reports to the CEO, Rafael Sanchez- Luzano Turmo who decides whether the proposals are to be accepted Systems: Iberia Airlines became more established in the world of air travel and began commercial connections six days a week between Madrid and Barcelona. Shared Values: Its goal is to dominate the airline industry Style: Its style is selling cheaper flights but efficient service. Staff: The Iberia airlines provides ground staffs and cabin crew with iPads to improve customer service Skills: Its main objective is to give services to customers who wants a point to point flights (domestic flights) but it is currently serving international flights SWOT: Strength- Low cost price but efficient service Weakness- Too many international airlines. The train industries are also being their rival companies in term of short term travels Opportunities- well known internationally by giving efficient service Threat- insufficient capital, companies that are well known giving services faster and easier in terms of international flights 9. Formulate the vision and mission statement As we move towards our goal of being a world-class airline, we will continue to give extra-ordinary services to attain customer needs. We intend to provide our customers with a efficient though low cost pricing flights and will surely give memorable experience in the flight. Mission statement Our mission is to run a profitable business by providing high-end international airline. To provide quality and efficient service to the customers, we will maintain the low-cost prices of our services. references: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pest-analysis-example.html http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm http://hbr.org/2006/03/customer-value-propositions-in-business-markets/ar/1 http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_91.htm http://www.airlinetrends.com/2012/07/23/iberiacabin-crew-ipad/

Lower Lip Shave for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction

Lower Lip Shave for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reconstruction Lower lip shave for reconstruction of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma Introduction Global estimates of the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma vary slightly between various sources, but it appears to be around the eighth commonest site for malignant tumours, with approximately 300,000 cases per year (Shaw, Pace-Balzan, Butterworth, 2011, Parkin et al. 2005) (Shaw et al. 2011) (Scully Bagan, 2009) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, 2009). The relative incidence of lower lip cancer is 35%, which is the highest among oral cancers sites and is most likely due to chronic exposure to sunlight (Bauer et al. 2014).Although the modifiable risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, diet and lifestyle (S. Warnakulasuriya, 2009) have been identified in the past, only a modest decline in incidence has been reported in recent decades (Chaturvedi et al. 2008). Moreover, an increase of oropharyngeal cancer cases has been related to HPV infections, highlighting the role played by HPV 16 as well as sexual behaviour in head and neck cancer (Chaturvedi et al. 2008; Marur et al. 2010). Despit e the decline in the prevalence of smoking in industrial countries, there is no noticeable reduction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) incidence (Shaw et al. 2011). Cancer is a disease that is perhaps more dreaded by more people than any other ailment. The prognosis, in the early stages, therefore, is favourable. The most satisfactory results are obtained when the disease is detected early and treated promptly. A sound and suggestive approach to the problem of cancer control. Patient and methods A 55-year-old patient was referred by a General Medical Practitioner (GMP) regarding a one year history of recurrent lower lip swelling and infection. The patient reported having a lump on her lower lip for approximately one year. At first it was smaller in size and eventually almost occupied the whole lower lip within the one year. The patient complained of intermittent pain and dryness with occasional suppurative discharge from the lower lip. She had had frequent courses of antibiotics and at the time of initial consultation was on a course of fluconazole. The patient had a history of biopsy previously with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus in this region. Although, there had been an improvement of the symptoms after previous treatment at that time, a significant deterioration of symptoms had recurred with advanced swelling and crusting of the lower lip. According to the GMP and the patient, the lesion was worsening and had become resistant to topical medical treatment. There was no weight loss, abdominal or other systemic features observed. The patient’s appetite, sleep and mood were good. The patient had also been diagnosed with mild asthma 5 years prior. The patient consumed minimal amounts of alcohol, did not use any tobacco products and most of her time was spent indoors. Clinical examination Extra-oral examination; there was no detectable lymphadenopathy. 20mm haemorrhagic and crusting lump present on the lower lip and tender on touch, nodular in nature. Intra-oral examination; the oral mucosa was well lubricated and mild reticular white lines were present bilaterally on the buccal mucosa with no oral mucosa speckling or ulceration evident. The patient wore upper and lower complete acrylic dentures. An incisional biopsy was performed on initial consultation. The incisional biopsy report of the sample taken showed moderate dysplasia but given the clinical examination and the nature of the long history of symptoms, it might have been that the biopsy represented only a particular part and very likely that there had been invasive components to the other parts of the lip. The patient was referred urgently to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department for further treatment even though the lip was healing well after the incisional biopsy. Method of Treatment The Oral and Maxillofacial Consultant decided to perform a lip shave of the vermilion (Kolhe Leonard, 1988) and a tumour biopsy. This method of treatment is advisable in potentially malignant and early malignancy of small lesions and where there is no metastasis present. Involvement of the lymph nodes was not observed, thus the operative removal of the lymph node was not indicated. The vermilionectomy, also and better known colloquially as the lip shave, lip peal, or lip scalp operation, refers to the elliptical, horizontal excision of the exposed mucous membrane or vermilion of the lip, generally of the lower one, with resurfacing or retreading of the surgically created defect by the advancement of the undermined labial mucosa, thereby providing fresh covering which will tolerate many more years of wear (Kurth, n.d.). This procedure is a relatively simple, well-standardised, non-deforming plastic procedure of short duration. After general anesthesia has been performed, surgical preparation of the field with colourless antiseptic solution is applied, and after appropriate draping, the exposed area of lip vermilion to be excised is first outlined with a methylene blue guide mark, after which the underlying tissues are locally infiltrated with Lignospan 2% (1:80000) solution. The outlined mark is incised throughout its entire extent while the lip is firmly immobilized with the thumb and index finger of the free hand, with care being taken to make vertical rather than oblique shelving incisions so that subsequent closure will be facilitated and hypertrophic scarring prevented. After the mucosa is first elevated by sharp dissection from one corner, it can then most conveniently be removed by curved, pointed scissors down to the muscular layer. In cases of superficial malignancy, even a deeper resection can be performed without impairing the watertight closure of the lips or jeopardizing the cosmetic result. A fter haemostasis has been secured with 3-0 Prolene, the labial mucosa is undermined for an appropriate distance down to the deep muscular plane, the surgically created defect being closed by the advancement and approximation of this mobilized flap, which is then united to the cutaneous edge. To achieve an even and symmetrical closure three key sutures are first inserted, the first in the mid-portion of the lip and the remaining two bisecting the distance between the first suture and the commissures. The continuous sutures of 6-0 Prolene can then be inserted consecutively from the wound edge. The knots should not overlay the suture line so as not to retard healing. The donor site was sutured with continuous Vicryl 3.0 suture. The excised mucosal lesion was ellipsoid in shape with the parameters of 14mm horizontally x 20mm from superior to inferior x 8mm in depth. The mucosal excision was marked with the suture material (long stitch right-sided. Short stitch lingual) and sent for histopathological examination. The patient was given broad spectrum antimicrobial (Amoxicillin 500mg) injections for at least 3 days postoperatively and advised to use the lips as little as possible. The wound was kept moist during the day with frequently changed dressings of sterile normal saline which contributed considerably to the patients comfort. At night a thick layer of Aureomycin was advised, to be applied to the suture line to prevent crusting and infection. After three days the alternate sutures could be removed, and the remaining ones on the next day following the healing having progressed satisfactorily. The patient was instructed to keep the resurfaced lip well lubricated with Vaseline, lanolin, or similar preparations for quite some time postoperatively, and was also advised to avoid undue exposure to the sun. Conclusion Although, the patient had been primarily treated for symptomatic oral lichen planus, the condition had worsened significantly within a year. A second incisional biopsy showed moderate dysplasia. Furthermore, the history of rapid symptom progression of the lesion justified the performance of a prompt excisional biopsy under general anesthesia. The most recent hisopathological report confirmed the moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis, whereas moderate dysplasia was representative of only part of the lesion. Tumour thickness was about 4mm (exophytic and endophytic components) with focally non-cohesive invasion pattern. The lesion was successfully removed within excision margins from 2mm to over 5mm. Nevertheless, close follow up will be continued and the necessity of radiotherapy has been considered at a multidisciplinary meeting as margin dysplasia was found of varying grades at all margins. The lip shave is thus a non-deforming plastic operation of great value in the prophylaxis and treatment of lip cancer and in the cosmetic correction of certain congenital, neoplastic, and traumatic lip deformities. (Kurth, LIP SHAVE OR VERMILIONECTOMY : INDICATIONS AND TECHNIQUE). This is obviously not a technique suitable for all lip defects, but in selected cases it gives a very satisfactory result. Discussion Tumours are divided into two main classes; one being benign and the other, malignant. A tumour may show any degree of malignancy, which in turn has an important bearing on the prognosis and on the prospect of successful treatment. The carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumour. It is the commonest of all malignant tumours. Among the most important carcinomas is the squamous cell carcinoma. It grows particularly on the skin, lip, tongue, larynx, cervix, and urinary bladder. Ulcers about the mouth or lips that does not heal in ten days to two weeks is a significant sign of oral cancer. If detected early and properly diagnosed, cancer is often cured or at least controlled. Incidences of oral cancer have been rising in many countries around the world (Saman Warnakulasuriya et al. 2008). The 5-year survival rate for oral cancer has not significantly improved in the past 30 years and remains at approximately 50% (Jemal et al. 2004). Many oral squamous cell carcinomas are preceded by clinically evident oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) (Saman Warnakulasuriya, Mak, Mà ¶ller, 2007). It is very important to prevent malignant change in people diagnosed with OPMDs, but the hazard ratios of various OPMDs are not well known. OPMDs include hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia (Schepman et al. 1998, â€Å"Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation†, 1984) erythroplakia (Reichart Philipsen, 2005) and oral submucous fibrosis (Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984) and their clinical phenotypes are well documented. Hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia and OSF are the most common oral mucosal disorders in the regions where areca quid chewing is prevalent, such as India, Taiwan, and other Southeast Asian countries (Pindborg et al. 1984, Reichart Philipsen, 2005, Lee et al. 2003, Silverman et al. 1976, Kaas et al. 1994, Chung et al. 2005). The malignant potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) remains controversial because of the absence of universally accepted diagnosis criteria (Chung et al. 2005). The malignant transformation rates of OPMDs show a great variation; for example, 10–20% of hyperkeratosis or epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia may transform to cancer and the estimated annual rate is 1.4%–7% (Schepman et al. 1998, â€Å"Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation,† 1984). In oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) there have been many efforts to identify the factors that will allow staging in a way that accurately predicts prognosis. Many different factors have been investigated as possible predictors of outcome including patient age (Thoma et al. 2014), performance status (Rades et al. 2011) laboratory (Wittekindt P. et al. 2013) histologic grade (Arduino et al. 2008, Weijers Snow et al. 2009, Caslin R. et al. 1992, Piffkà ² et al. 1997, Brandwein-Gensler et al. 2005, Lindenblatt et al. 2012, Kurokawa et al. 2005), and various biomarkers (Ziober et al. 2008, Grimm, 2012). Current staging criteria from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for head and neck cancer rely only on tumour size, node status, and the presence of distant metastasis (TNM). Extracapsular nodal spread, positive margins, and lymphovascular invasion are used as indications for adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy but are not part of the staging criteria. Histologic grade is not included in the current staging criteria because its ability to predict a prognosis has historically been controversial (Roland et al. 1992). Although SCC staging protocol in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual seems to represent an improvement from previous editions, there are still significant shortcomings, the greatest of which is a lack of practicality. Several studies have questioned the prognostic accuracy of the TNM system for oral cancer since neither patients comorbidity, specific tumour related factors nor multimodal treatment regimens such as preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT) are incorporated (Kreppel et al. 2013). Nevertheless, a strong association between conventional cytology grade and survival in patients has been stated by several investigators (Weigum et al. 2010, Editor Kurtycz, 2011, Thomas et al. 2014). A high histologic grade in early stage oral cavity cancer is associated with poorer survival and carries independent prognostic value, in addition to tumour size, node status, and the presence of a distant metastasis (TNM) stage. Thus, histologic grade is considered clinically when making treatment decisions, and multivariable models of survival should include grade as a covariate to improve prognostic accuracy (Thomas et al. 2014). Lip tumours are usually low grade, whereas tumours from teeth to back of tongue are increasing in malignancy as we pass back (Grade 2); tumours of pharynx-high-grade malignancy (grade 3). Grading is a useful method of communication between pathologist and surgeon and is also used as a guide to treatment. Briefly, grades 1 and 2 are usually treated surgicall y, whereas grades 3 and 4 require radiation. Furthermore, the influence of immunological parameters on the prognosis of OSCC has already been discussed in the 1970thand 1980th[References 8,9]. Despite the fact that oral cancer and its causes are well known to the medical and dental professions, and that the tissues of the mouth are accessible for early detection of any abnormal condition, intraoral cancer continues to present an important problem. Selection of early cancer diagnosis is often difficult, especially in some cases where early symptoms are not present or misleading such as in the present case. The gross appearance first presents a local induration, then a warty mass followed by deep infiltration. The malignant ulcer is slow-growing, hard, indurated, and invasive with round edges. It may or may not involve the lymphatic nodes. Furthermore, the risk factors associated with these OPMDs and oral cancers have been established. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse and areca quid chewing habits are important risk factors. The associated factors in the progression of the disease and malignant transformation of OPMDs have not been well defined in previous studies: lesion type (Schepman et al. 1998, â€Å"Oral Leukoplakia and Malignant Transformation,† 1984, Murti et al. 1985, Pindborg et al. 1984, Lumerman A. et al. 1995, Hsue et al. 2007), age (Hsue et al. 2007), lifestyle habits (Schepman et al. 1998, Hsue et al. 2007, Chen S. et al. 2000) and lesion subsites (Scully et al. 2003) were significant factors related to malignancy, but the results from different studies vary and firm conclusions cannot be drawn. Excision of the exposed mucosa or vermilion of the lips can be safely performed even under local anaesthesia and is particularly indicated in situations requiring resurfacing of the lip, notably extensive precancerous leukoplakia or chronic solar cheilitis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the chronic sunburn of the weather-beaten farmers or sailors skin or tropical skin of the inhabitants of sunny climates. (Kurth, Lip Shave or vermilionectomy: indications and technique). Furthermore, according to the author the best results with local flaps are achieved in midline defects of the lower and upper lip. References A, M. R. L., Kaas, W., Ja, L., Nw, J. (1994). Role of areca nut in the causation of orai submucous fibrosisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: a case- control study in Pakistan. Allen, E. C. M., Lumerman, H., Freedman, P., Kerpel, S. (1995). ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY Oral epithelial dysplasia and the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 79(3), 321–329. Arduino, P. G., Carrozzo, M., Chiecchio, A., Broccoletti, R., Tirone, F., Borra, E., †¦ Gandolfo, S. (2008). Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 334 cases. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 66(8), 1570–9. 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Oral squamous cell carcinoma: overview of current understanding of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications. Oral Diseases, 15(6), 388–99. Scully, C., Sudbà ¸, J., Speight, P. M. (2003). Progress in determining the malignant potential of oral lesions. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 32(5), 251–6. Shaw, R. J., Pace-Balzan, A., Butterworth, C. (2011). Contemporary clinical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontology 2000, 57(1), 89–101. Shiu, M. N., Chen, T. H., Chang, S. H., Hahn, L. J. (2000). Risk factors for leukoplakia and malignant transformation to oral carcinoma: a leukoplakia cohort in Taiwan. British Journal of Cancer, 82(11), 1871–4. Silverman, S., Bhargava, K., Smith, L. W., Malaowalla, a M. (1976). Malignant transformation and natural history of oral leukoplakia in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. Cancer, 38(4), 1790–5. Thomas, B., Stedman, M., Davies, L. (2014). Grade as a prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based analysis of the data. The Laryngoscope, 124(3), 688–94. Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Causes of oral canceran appraisal of controversies. British Dental Journal, 207(10), 471–5. Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009). Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology, 45(4-5), 309–16. Warnakulasuriya, S., Mak, V., Mà ¶ller, H. (2007). Oral cancer survival in young people in South East England. Oral Oncology, 43(10), 982–6. Warnakulasuriya, S., Parkkila, S., Nagao, T., Preedy, V. R., Pasanen, M., Koivisto, H., Niemelà ¤, O. (2008). Demonstration of ethanol-induced protein adducts in oral leukoplakia (pre-cancer) and cancer. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 37(3), 157–65. Weigum, S. E., Floriano, P. N., Redding, S. W., Yeh, C.-K., Westbrook, S. D., McGuff, H. S., †¦ McDevitt, J. T. (2010). Nano-bio-chip sensor platform for examination of oral exfoliative cytology. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 3(4), 518–28. Weijers, M., Snow, G. B., Bezemer, P. D., van der Waal, I. (2009). Malignancy grading is no better than conventional histopathological grading in small squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and floor of mouth: retrospective study in 128 patients. Journal of Oral Pathology Medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 38(4), 343–7. Ziober, B. L., Mauk, M. G., Falls, E. M., Chen, Z., Ziober, A. F., Bau, H. H. (2008). LAB-ON-A-CHIP FOR ORAL CANCER SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS, (January), 111–121.

George Gemistos Plethon on God: Aristotle vs Plato Essay -- Religion P

George Gemistos Plethon on God: Aristotle vs Plato In this paper I examine George Gemistos Plethon's defense in his De Differentiis of Plato's conception of God as superior to that of Aristotle's. (2) Plethon asserts that the Platonic conception of God is more consistent with Orthodox Christian theology than the Aristotelian conception. This claim is all the more interesting in light of the fact that Plethon is, as it turns out, a pagan. I argue that Plethon takes the position he does because his interpretation of the Platonic God better fits his own neo-pagan theological conceptions. Part of the evidence for this is supplied by the first English translation of Plethon's Summary of the Doctrines of Zoroaster and Plato. I. Background (3) George Gemistos, who called himself Plethon, (1355?-1452) lived during the last years of the Byzantine empire. Constantinople fell to the Turks less than one year after his death. Yet he had a significant, direct influence on the study of Plato in the Latin West. This resulted from his membership in the Byzantine delegation to the Council of Ferrara-Florence in 1438-39. The purpose of this council was to effect the union of the two churches and thus, hopefully, to preserve the Byzantine Empire with the help of the West. The Emperor, John VIII Palaeologos, knew they were going to face some of the finest minds in the Roman Church on their own soil; he therefore wanted the best minds available in support of the Byzantine cause to accompany him. Consequently, the Emperor appointed George Gemistos as part of the delegation. Despite the fact that he was a secular philosopher — a rare creature at this time in the West — Gemistos was renowned both for his wisdom and his moral rectitude. Among ... ...rci, codex Venetus 406, qui Plethonis autographus creditur, in quo istud additamentum, scholii instar, initio Zoroastreorum ad marginem ascriptum est. Clearly, Alexandre was aware of Jacopo Morelli's identification of this manuscript at San Marco as an autograph of Plethon (in Morelli's Bibliotheca Manuscripta Graeca et Latina I (1802). Other indications that the passage is an interpolation into the text are the abrupt change from oratio recta in the foregoing passage to oratio obliqua in this one and the fact that this passage contains none of the twelve doctrines. (28) Plethon is clearly a Neoplatonic, however, he thought that he was a good Platonist. The distinction between Platonism and Neoplatonism had not yet been made by historians of philosophy. (29) The reader should note, however, that Plethon does not use these two terms synonymously in every context.

Explain the Skills Needed to Communicate with Children and Young People Essay

You have been elected to be communication champion for your school. At the next staff meeting you are asked to explain the skills that staff need in order to communicate effectively with children and young people. Use the table below to record your thoughts and consider what each skill means in practice. Skill needed to communicate effectively with children and young peopleIn practice this means†¦. †¢Find opportunities to speak to children. †¢Give eye contact and actively listen. †¢Use body language and facial expressions, and be approachable. †¢React and comment on what they are saying. †¢Be interested, responding and questioning to maintain conversation.†¢Give children suï ¬Æ'cient opportunities to talk and express themselves as they may lack confidence when speaking to adults. †¢Often children feel that you are not listening if you do not give them eye contact, make sure that if they are talking you give them your attention. †¢When speaking to small children get down to their level, smile nod and make appreciative noises to assure them that you are interested in what they have to say. †¢Repeat back to the child to ensure your understanding, this way you can correct incorrect language without them feeling like they are wrong. Also comment on their statement so they feel you are interested in what they have said. †¢It is important for children to experience the norms of holding a conversation so they can build up their understanding of how it works. Encourage them to ask questions and suggest ideas.

The Lives of Jesus Christ and Mohammed

The Lives of Jesus Christ and Mohammed Free Online Research Papers According to world religious statistics, of the monotheistic religions 33 percent of the world are Christians; and 21 percent of the world are Muslims. (Bruce, 2006) Combined, this means over half of the world’s population is either Christians who are followers of Jesus, or Muslims who are followers of Mohammed. In order to fully grasp the diversity and development of Christianity and Islam we must investigate factors: the life and ministry of Jesus and Mohammed, the impact both men’s death had on their religion, the way each man was and is worshipped, and the way their religion is spreading around the world today. The Historical Life of Jesus As stated before, the founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ. The actual name â€Å"Jesus† derives from the Greek form of the Hebrew word Joshua (pronounced Yah-shu-ah), which means â€Å"savior†. The title of â€Å"Christ† derives from the Greek form of the Hebrew word Messiah (pronounced Meh-siy-ah), which means the â€Å"anointed one†. (ReligionFacts, 2004) According to the New Testament Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus’ conception was around 4 CE and was immaculate due to the fact that Mary, Jesus’ mother, and her fiancà © Joseph had never had sexual relations. This virgin conception was the first of many signs that indicated Jesus was an anointed Jewish leader. Concluding the scriptures about Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem there is little information about his early life until he was about 12-years of age. The Gospel of Luke accounts for only Jesus wandering off into a temple to discuss religion. This is the only account documented Jesus’ early life until he was baptized at age 30. The baptism was a sign of Jesus becoming a divine being. (ReligionFacts, 2004) Concluding the baptism, Jesus selected 12 disciples, or followers, who would learn from him and witness events of the next three years. Recorded throughout the New Testaments, Jesus preformed miracles which include turning water into wine, walking on water, cursing a fig tree, healing the sick, multiplying a small meal to feed a large crowd, casting demons out of people, and raising the dead back to life. (Davis, 1999) The main message of Jesus Christ concentrated primarily on the importance of love, kindness, and the kingdom of God. He taught through parables or â€Å"stories†; giving examples of situations where people are enlightened about the love of God. Through these parables Jesus condemned the pride and hypocrisy of Jewish leaders. Although his teachings were based upon Jewish principles, they were more focused on the grace God bestows rather the wrath of God. Through this Jesus ’popularity expanded, but his reputation ignited opposition from religious leaders. (ReligionFacts, 2004) Near the end of Jesus’ three year ministry he predicted his betrayal and death at the historical event at the â€Å"Last Supper†, which took place the night before his death. Jesus was betrayed by one of his followers, Judas Iscariot, for 30 pieces of silver. Jesus was brought before and questioned by the Jewish chief priests. The questioning of Jesus led to him being sentenced to death for being blasphemous. Jesus was viciously flogged and executed by crucifixion, which is a slow and painful death by asphyxiation. (Davis, 1999) At the end of his death, Jesus’ body was taken down from the cross to a tomb blocked by a large rock. Three days following Jesus’ death, devote followers of Jesus went the grave to anoint his body with oils and spices. Upon their arrival they find the large rock had been moved and the tomb was empty. (Davis, 1999) The belief is that Jesus rose from the dead, made several appearances to his followers, and then ascended into heave. The resurrection of Jesus Christ is the central focus and belief of the church today because it is believed that the act of dying on the cross and rising from the dead makes it possible for people to have peace with God in this life and meet a favorable end in the next. (Davis, 1999) The Historical Life of Mohammed As mentioned before, Mohammed is the founder of Islam. The name of Mohammed translated from ancient Arabic means â€Å"highly praised†. Mohammed was born in 570 CE in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. By the age of six he had lost both of his parents and was raised by his uncle who was a shepherd. Throughout his childhood Mohammed worked as a shepherd with his uncle in Syria. When he became a young man, Mohammed worked between Syria and Saudi Arabia as a camel driver. This traveling experience allowed him to learn about different cultures and religions. (ReligionFacts, 2004) After the death of his uncle, and upon turning 25 years of age, Mohammed married a wealthy woman named Khadija, a woman 15 years older. Over the next several years Mohammed visited a cave in Mount Hira where he went to think. He began to have visions and visitations from the Angel Gabriel, enlightening him on spiritual truths and telling him that he was chosen to be a prophet. Following these meetings Mohammed shared them with Khadija, who is considered the first convert it Islam. (ReligionFacts, 2004) Mohammed then began to share the message of immorality, materialism, repentance, and worshipping Allah, the only true God. Mohammed never claimed to be anything else but a prophet; nor did he perform miracles. Within the first three years of his ministry, Mohammed gained 40 followers. (ReligionFacts, 2004) Mohammed’s teachings were not immediately accepted because they threatened the countrymen’s moral and economic way of life. The teacher and followers endured much persecution, violence and imprisonment. Mohammed had to escape the city of Mecca secretly and was almost captured in the process. News spread of the leader’s troubles when a city called Yathrib declared their conversion to Mohammed’s teachings if he would become their leader. His arrival to Yathrib has become a religious celebration known to Muslims as Hijira; and the name of the city Yathrib changed to the Medina. (Boyce, 2003) Mohammed displayed himself as a capable leader and prophet in Medina. An example of Mohammed’s competent leadership was evident in the resolution and peace of five conflicting tribes living within the city. This single act caused his reputation to spread and attract more followers. (Boyce, 2003) Mohammed and the city of Medina began to fight with the city of Mecca. Each victory over the city of Mecca was considered a sign from God because Mecca’s army was much larger than Medina’s army. Finally, in 630 CE Mohammed and Medina defeated the city of Mecca. The city and the Ka’ba temple were dedicated to Allah, which caused the entire city of Mecca to convert to Islam. Two years after the victory at Mecca, Mohammed died. There are many different speculations about his death. Following his death Abu Bkr, a close friend and follower, declared that Mohammed was the last prophet of Allah. (Boyce, 2003) The Impact of the Death of Jesus and Mohammed The fact that Jesus foretold the coming of his death adds great strength and power to his ministry. The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ had several effects on Christianity: a sign that a prophet was martyred, a divine plan of salvation, and an act of redemption. Christian followers see the death of Christ as a heartbreaking but necessary feat in order for there to be atonement between mankind and God. From this develops a positive act of God which â€Å"expiated the sins of the world†. However, the resurrection of Jesus also displays hope for all. (Hall) Concluding the death of Mohammed the Muslim followers believed in spreading their faith by the sword. Islam became a fighting religion that conquered other Arab tribes and beyond in the name of Mohammed and Allah. This in itself is an example that the Muslim followers did not retain the message of Mohammed. (Islam: The History of Spreading) Although both deaths of these great men are tragic it is obvious that the prediction, death, and resurrection has had a more peaceful impact then the unexpected death. The Muslim followers were taught by their prophet conversion under aggression. Whereas, Christian followers were taught conversion was a choice. Another powerful comparison between the two men is their remains. Mohammed’s remains are in a mosque courtyard in Medina, Saudi Arabia; the physical remains of Jesus Christ are no longer in the tomb were he was placed after death. The Ways of Worship These two religions may have had different founders, but the methods of worship are quite similar. Both religions require: declaring that there is only one, true God and that their prophet is a messenger from God: prayer and communication to God: giving a portion of ones salary to either the poor or to the place of worship: the specified times of fasting and how to fast: the celebration of religious holidays: and the meeting at a religious place for hearing the scriptures and sermons. The way that these two religions differ is that Christianity encourages the habitual celebration of the â€Å"Lords Supper† or communion. This is a symbolic act of eating bread and drinking wine (or substitutes) as a sign of remembrance of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Christianity encourages inspirational psalms and hymns of worship along with the recognized religious holidays. Islam requires a Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia at least once in a lifetime. This religion strongly encourages a specified modes dress code; especially for women. Islam forbids the consumption of alcohol or pork and does not encourage music or singing for religious purposes. Their Message Being Carried Out Today What many may not know about Islam is that if a Muslim leads another into the conversion of Islam they are guaranteed entrance into heaven. With this information one would think that Islamic conversion is quite forceful. This is not the case. There are specified conversion centers where non-Muslims may attend to ask questions and find out information. Pamphlets and books are distributed to non-Muslims; yet, it is not of Muslim etiquette to question others in their beliefs. Yet, being Muslim is not necessarily a choice but a matter of birth. If a father is Muslim then the children are born Muslim. However, conversion out of Islam is punishable by death; the killer will be justified and never step foot into a prison. This is quite different from Christianity. Conversion to or out of Christianity is ones choice. A former Christian will be shunned or â€Å"excommunicated† for their decision. The same is said for a child who may be born into a Christian family, but this does not technically make him/her Christian. The child becomes a Christian when they profess Christianity as their own. Christians do not believe that leading others into the conversion of Christianity will gain them passage into heaven. However, Christians are quite aggressive on missionary outreaches. They are firm believers of going to unconverted areas to preach and share their faith. Conclusion Albert Einstein said â€Å"True religion is real living; living with all one’s soul, with all one’s goodness and righteousness.† (Petrie) The message that both Jesus and Mohammed preached was of a relationship and obedience towards God. Over the years it is apparent that the religions have made room for personal interpretations, which has caused the branching off of new denominations or sects. The point that everyone seems to miss is that â€Å"true religion is real living†. Religion is an individual choice that should not be made out of fear, pressure or aggression; but out of awe and reverence towards God. Research Papers on The Lives of Jesus Christ and MohammedComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentDefinition of Export QuotasArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator French inventor Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–Aug. 19, 1662) was one of the most reputed mathematicians and physicists of his time. He is credited with inventing an early calculator, amazingly advanced for its time, called the Pascaline. Fast Facts: Blaise Pascal Known For: Mathematician and inventor of an early calculatorBorn: June 19, 1623 in Clermont, FranceParents: Étienne Pascal and his wife Antoinette BegonDied: August 19, 1662 in Port-Royal abbey, ParisEducation: Home-schooled, admitted to meetings of the French Academy, studies at Port-RoyalPublished Works: Essay on Conic Sections (1640), Pensà ©es (1658), Lettres Provinciales (1657)Inventions: Mystic Hexagon, Pascaline calculatorSpouse(s): NoneChildren: None Early Life Blaise Pascal was born at Clermont on June 19, 1623, the second of three children of Étienne and Antoinette Bà ©gon Pascal (1596–1626). Étienne Pascal (1588–1651) was a local magistrate and tax collector at Clermont, and himself of some scientific reputation, a member of the aristocratic and professional class in France known as noblesse de robe. Blaises sister Gilberte (b. 1620) was his first biographer; his younger sister Jacqueline (b. 1625) earned acclaim as a poet and dramatist before becoming a nun. Antoinette died when Blaise was 5. Étienne moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to prosecute his own scientific studies and partly to carry on the education of his only son, who had already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise Pascal was kept at home in order to ensure he was not being overworked, and his father directed that his education should be at first confined to the study of languages. He requested that mathematics not be introduced until his son was 15. This naturally excited the boys curiosity, and one day, being then 12 years old, he asked what geometry was. His tutor replied that it was the science of constructing exact figures and of determining the proportions between their different parts. Blaise Pascal, stimulated no doubt by the injunction against reading it, gave up his play-time to this new study, and in a few weeks had discovered for himself many properties of figures, and in particular the proposition that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. In response, his father brought him a copy of Euclid. A genius from a young age, Blaise Pascal composed a treatise on the communication of sounds at the age of 12, and at the age of 16 he composed a treatise on conic sections. A Life of Science At the age of 14, Blaise Pascal was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge, and other French geometricians, from which, ultimately, the French Academy sprung. In 1641, at the age of 18, Pascal built his first arithmetical machine, an instrument which, eight years later, he further improved and called the Pascaline. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was then turning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. He repeated Torricellis experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere could be estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause of barometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at different altitudes on the hill of Puy-de-Dà ´me. The Pascaline The idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced at least as far back as the early  17th century. Mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the  Pascaline  to help his father, by then a French tax collector, count taxes. The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. When the first dial (ones column) moved 10 notches, the second dial moved one notch to represent the tens column reading of 10. When the second dial moved 10 notches, the third dial (hundreds column) moved one notch to represent one hundred, and so on. Blaise Pascals Other Inventions Roulette Machine Blaise Pascal introduced a very primitive version of the roulette machine in the 17th century. The roulette was a by-product of Blaise Pascals attempts to invent  a  perpetual motion machine. Wrist Watch The first reported person to actually wear a  watch  on the wrist was Blaise Pascal. Using a piece of string, he attached his pocket watch to his wrist. Religious Studies In 1650 while he was in the midst of this  research, Blaise Pascal suddenly abandoned his favorite pursuits to study religion, or, as he says in his Pensà ©es, contemplate the greatness and the misery of man. At about the same time, he persuaded the younger of his two sisters to enter the Benedictine abbey of Port-Royal. In 1653, Blaise Pascal had to administer his fathers estate. He took up his old life again and conducted several experiments on the pressure exerted by gases and liquids. It was also about this period that he invented the arithmetical triangle, and together with Fermat he created the calculus of probabilities. He was meditating marriage when an accident again turned his thoughts to religious life. He was driving a four-in-hand carriage on November 23, 1654, when the horses ran away. The two leaders dashed over the parapet of the bridge at Neuilly, and Blaise Pascal was saved only by the traces breaking. Death Always somewhat of a mystic, Pascal considered this a special summons to abandon the world. He wrote an account of the accident on a small piece of parchment, which for the rest of his life he wore next to his heart to perpetually remind him of his covenant. He moved to Port-Royal shortly after, where he continued to live until his death in Paris on August 19, 1662. Constitutionally delicate, Pascal had injured his health by his incessant study; from the age of 17 or 18 he suffered from insomnia and acute dyspepsia, and at the time of his death he was physically worn out. He neither married nor had children, and at the end of his life he became an ascetic. Modern scholars have attributed his illness to a variety of possible ailments, including gastrointestinal tuberculosis, nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and/or irritable bowel syndrome. Legacy Blaise Pascals contribution to computing was recognized by computer scientist Nicklaus Wirth, who in 1972 named his new computer language Pascal (and insisted that it be spelled Pascal, not PASCAL). The Pascal (Pa) is a unit of atmospheric pressure named in honor of Blaise Pascal, whose experiments greatly increased knowledge of the atmosphere. A pascal is the force of one newton acting on a surface area of one square meter. It is the unit of pressure designated by the International System.100,000 Pa 1000 mb or 1 bar. Sources OConnell, Marvin Richard. Blaise Pascal: Reasons of the Heart.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.  OConnor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. Blaise Pascal. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1996. WebPascal, Blaise. Pensà ©es. Trans. W.F. Trotter. 1958. Intro. T.S. Eliot. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003. Print.Simpson, David. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2013. Web.  Wood, William.  Blaise Pascal on Duplicity, Sin, and the Fall: The Secret Instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Substance Abuse Adolescent Issues and Interventions

Substance Abuse Adolescent Issues and Interventions Abstract This paper has been aimed at discussing the problem of substance abuse among adolescents. In particular, it focuses on the factors that lead to dependence on drugs on alcohol, for instance, peer-pressure, low self-esteem, family problems, experiences of sexual abuse, and so forth. The proposed interventions include the following measures: 1) regular communication with both parents; 2) paying more attention to the friends of a teenager; 3) limiting the access to money; 4) organizing extra curriculum activities for teenagers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Adolescent Issues and Interventions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Substance abuse among adolescents is the problem that requires the joint effort of parents, teachers, and social workers. It can affect families that have various social, racial, or economic characteristics and no one can say that he or she is insured against this risk. This paper is aimed at discussing the factors that contribute to substance abuse among teenagers. Moreover, it is necessary to propose interventions that can prevent adolescents from experimenting with drugs or drinking alcohol. The development of substance abuse The development of substance abuse among adolescents can be explained in different ways. The researchers point out that more than 40 percent of teenagers begin to take drugs or drink alcohol in the company of their peers (Ahmad, Khalique, Khan, 2009, p. 401). These people may believe that drug use is a sign of belonging to the group. As a rule, they do not want to criticize the behavior of their peers who may believe that drugs and alcohol are acceptable. In their opinion, the rejection of group values can make them outcasts. An adolescent, who has a strong attachment to the group, can abuse substance either to acquire new experiences or in effort to impress his or her friends (Ramirez et al, 2012, p. 39). Thus, peer pressure is one way to explain this problem. Certainly, peer pressure can also be a positive force, especially when a teenager’s friends lead a healthy lifestyle and do not approve of alcohol or drug abuse. This is the first issue that parents and teachers should take into account. Secondly, one should remember that this behavior can be caused by some problems within the family. Chassin and Handley believe, teenagers can resort to alcohol and drugs when they do not feel the emotional support and encouragement of parents (2006, p. 136). For them, substance abuse becomes a substitute for normal family relations. Such behavior is more typical of teenagers suffering from domestic violence (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). Additionally, one should remember that remember that for many teenagers attempt to raise their perceived status and self-esteem by drinking alcoholic beverages or using substances (Ahmad, Khalique, Khan, 2009, p. 401). In their opinion, this behavior signifies adulthood and independence.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certainly, this assumption is false but this is how many of them believe. Thus, this problem can be related to the way in which adolescents perceive themselves. These examples suggest that there are different paths that lead to substance abuse problems and intervention should account for various possibilities. Risk factors related to substance abuse Overall, researchers single out several characteristics of adolescents that may take drugs, namely, low self-esteem, psychological distress, lack of meaningful relations with parents, or contacts with people, usually peers who abuse drugs (Newcomb, 1986, p. 525). These teenagers believe that only peers can offer them help or encouragement. Usually, this belief is not justified, but it is very strong. However, there are other important indicators that should not be overl ooked. For example, statistical evidence suggests that teenagers, who suffered sexual or physical abuse, tend to drink alcohol or use drugs much earlier that their peers (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). These adolescents cannot give vent to their feelings, and they view drugs or alcohol as the only solution available to them. Additionally, one should remember about such a factor as the structure of the family. A teenager growing up in a two-family household is less likely to get addicted to alcohol or drugs (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). Surely, one cannot assume that adolescents from single-parent families are always prone to drug abuse or alcohol consumption. However, it is easier for teenagers to cope with stress when they can communicate with both parents. Parenting style can either increase or decrease the likelihood of substance abuse among teenagers. Over-permissiveness is strongly correlated with alcohol consumption (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 2). For example, adolescents are more likel y to use drugs if their parents give them unlimited access to money (McCrystal, Percy, Higgins, 2007, p. 26). Yet, authoritarian parenting can also lead to substance abuse. So, parents should find a balance between control over their children and permissiveness. The risk factors that have been discussed cannot be applied to every case of substance abuse among adolescents; yet, they are very widespread. Therefore, educators should pay more attention to the needs of these teenagers, because they are more exposed to the risk of substance abuse. The influence of addiction on self-identity Drug abuse and subsequent addiction affects the self-identity of teenagers. In part, this influence can be explained with the help of social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura. It postulates that an individual learns behavioral norms by observing those people who are close to him or her (Wodarski, 1990, 670). A teenager, who wants to appear stronger or more independent, may emulate the habits of older peers and these people may abuse drugs or alcohol (Wodarski, 1990, 670).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Substance Abuse: Adolescent Issues and Interventions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, one should not forget that mass media, especially television are full of images suggesting alcohol consumption is acceptable for adults. Thus, this person begins to think that substance is an attribute of adulthood. Such teenagers may believe that they are strong, self-sufficient, and independent of their parents. However, later they are not able to perceive themselves in this way. They understand that they have become addicted to drugs or alcohol. They see that they do not have any control over the situation. The awareness of this fact can lead to low self-esteem and feeling of worthlessness. Thus, it is possible to argue that addiction distorts the self-identity of an individual. At first, it creates an illu sion of power or independence, but eventually results into the feeling of helplessness. These are the main effects of addiction on the self-identity of a teenager. Interventions There are several interventions that can reduce the risk of substance abuse among adolescent. First of all, parents should remember that regular communication with both parents reduces the risk of deviant behavior, including drug abuse (Caple Schub, 2012, p. 1). Thus, parents should make sure that they can talk to a child at least once a day. Divorced parents should not prevent one another from seeing a child. A teenager should know that he or she can rely on other members of the family. As a result, this person will not feel the need to use drugs and seek the support of peers. Secondly, parents should learn more about the friends of their children. For example, they should know how they spend time, and what they are interested in. By doing so, parents can determine whether their children’s friends h ave a good or bad influence over them. This is why parents should not prohibit their children from inviting their friends to the house. Moreover, parents can even occasionally organize small parties for them. In this way, they learn much more about the friends of their children. The third intervention that researchers recommend is to limit a teenager’s access to money (McCrystal, Percy, Higgins, 2007, p. 26). The findings suggest that uncontrolled access to money at the age of 13 or 14 increases the probability of drug use (McCrystal, Percy, Higgins, 2007, p. 26). Thus, parents should be attentive to how their children spend money. Certainly, people cannot always know for what kind of purposes their children need money. However, they should be very careful when a child asks for extra cash because this cash can be needed for drugs or alcohol.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In turn, teachers should encourage children’s participation in school life when it is possible. Special attention should be paid to extra curriculum activities because a student, who has certain interests or goals, will be less attracted to alcohol and drugs. For example, schools can establish study groups for children who may be interested in different subjects like biology, chemistry, mathematics, and so forth. In this way, they can divert adolescents’ attention from drugs. Additionally, they should be very attentive to academic performance of students. The thing is that poor grades and continuous absence from school may indicate at some emotional problems or even substance abuse. At any rate, parents should be warned about these issues as soon as possible. Conclusion On the whole, drug abuse and alcohol consumption are the problems that can affect the life of almost any family irrespective of its income level, ethnic origins , or education background. The examples d iscussed in this paper suggest that teenagers are torn between their need for independence and the need for support. The proposed intervention are premised on the idea that the child, who feels the support of parents and who has some interests, is less interested in alcohol or drugs because they create no value for him or her. Moreover, this adolescent will be more resistant to peer pressure. Reference List Ahmad, A., Khalique, N., Khan, Z. (2009). Analysis of Substance Abuse in Male Adolescents. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 19(4), 399-403. Caple, C., Schub, T. (2012). Substance Abuse in Adolescence: Risk/Protective Factors. CINAHL Nursing Guide, 1-2. Chassin, L., Handley, E. D. (2006). Parents and Families as Contexts for the Development of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders. Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 135. McCrystal, P., Percy, A., Higgins, K. (2007). The cost of drug use in adolescence: Young people, money and substance abuse. Drugs: Education, Prevent ion Policy, 14(1), 19-28. Newcomb, M. M. (1986). Risk Factors for Drug Use among Adolescents: Concurrent and Longitudinal Analyses. American Journal Of Public Health, 76(5), 525-540. Ramirez, R., Hinman, A., Sterling, S., Weisner, C., Campbell, C. (2012). Peer Influences on Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug Use Outcomes. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 44(1), 36-44. Wodarski, J. S. (1990). Adolescent substance abuse: Practice implications.  Adolescence, 25(99), 667-688.

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired Research Paper

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Global worming Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global worming - Assignment Example ok and ensure that there is evidence that can be used against their governments in case the cost of paying for the negative effects of global warming is to be shared out (Ramseur, Parker and Yacobucci, 27). The program is software which can be installed in aircrafts used to monitor weather patterns. From these, sensors built in the aircraft can be used to sense the source of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the data obtained associated with that of a specific country. The specific needs of this program are the availability of a weather aircraft, a large database of the greenhouse gases produced by every country and powerful computers that can process the information gathered. The alternative solution is to ensure these programs are never affected by internet connection failures. The proposed program is the best solution because it can be mounted on satellites. Hence, the monitoring of greenhouse gases is done throughout the year with data been transmitted back to ground centres. This program works by homogenizing the greenhouse gases emitted and through comparison with the characteristics of the greenhouses stored in the database, it connects the emitted greenhouse to a specific country. The implementation of the program shall be done through the drafting of a resolution which will be ratified by the U. N. member countries for it to be used. The guidelines will be in the resolution whereby each country shall take responsibility for its emissions and undertake measures to reduce the emissions along with the payment of a fine which will be used to explore other means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The resources needed are several aircrafts or satellite launchers. The aircrafts will have the program installed in them along with sensors. The program can also be launched into space on satellites with sensors that monitor greenhouse gas

Shakespeare's Midsummer night's dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Shakespeare's Midsummer night's dream - Essay Example The two woman are treated so differently because â€Å"the feminine either rebels against the restraining social order or presides in alliance with force that challenge its hegemony romantic love ,physical nature ,the love of pleasure in all its form .†Biana rebels quietly as Kate rages and use the masculine realm of language as a weapon. Biana’s rebellion is then not seen until her sister becomes silent. Hermia , white she openly challenges her father’s authority ;does not take on a masculine role as Helena are treated with distain because they directly challenge the masculine self by adopting its features Biana and Hermia instead embody the attribute of country love , because they are off limits. Biana is unattainable because her sister will not marry and Hermia because her father wants to marry one man and the heart belonged to another. This embodiment allows them to preside over the realm of romantic love which is outside the control of masculine social order (male gaze) (Natanson

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Example for Free

Hume vs Kant Causality Essay Humes ultimate goal in his philosophic endeavors was to undermine abstruse Philosophy. By focusing on the aspect of reason, Hume shows there are limitations to philosophy. Since he did not know the limits, he proposed to use reason to the best of his ability, but when he came to a boundary, that was the limit. He conjectured that we must study reason to find out what is beyond the capability of reason. Hume began his first examination if the mind by classifying its contents as Perceptions. Here therefore [he divided] all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species. (27) First, Impressions represented an image of something that portrayed an immediate relationship. Secondly, there were thoughts and ideas, which constituted the less vivid impressions. For example, the recalling of a memory. From this distinction, Hume decreed that all ideas had origin within impressions. From the distinction of perceptions, Hume created his ? microscope in order to trace all ideas back to impressions. He did this to search for the limits. If an idea could not be traced back to its impression, it was too abstruse. Hume separated the objects of human reason into two categories. First, the relation of ideas, which represented all that is ? a priori. Secondly, he created the category of matters of fact. Matters of fact made up the ? a posteriori piece of the spectrum of reason. Matters of fact are contingent, meaning they could be otherwise. In order to go beyond the objects of human reason, Hume proposed that reasoning was based upon cause and effect. Causal relations help us to know things beyond our page 2 immediate vicinity. All of our knowledge is based on experience. Therefore, we need experience to come to causal relationships of the world and experience constant conjunction. Hume stated that he shall venture to affirm, as a general proposition which admits no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not in any instance, attained by reasonings ? a priori, but arises entirely from experience. (42) Unfortunately, our experience of constant conjunction only tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We can expect the effect to follow the cause, but it is not a sufficient basis to assume the effect will come from the cause in the future. These things are contingent- they could be different. The connection between these two propositions is not intuitive? it is always inferred. (480) Hume asserted that the future will resemble the past. This is the assumption underlying all our ideas of causality. If the future does not resemble the past, then all our reason based on cause and effect will crumble. When Hume proposed questions such as Is there any more intelligible proposition then to affirm that all trees will flourish in December and January, and will decay in May and June? (49), Hume demonstrates that it is not a relation of ideas that future will resemble the past; it is possible that the course of nature will change. Therefore, what happens in the future is neither a relation of ideas, nor a matter of fact. It is impossible, therefore, that any arguments from experience can prove this resemblance of past to future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance. (51) Now Hume proposed that all inferences come from custom, not reasoning. Through custom or habits, we have become accustomed to expect an effect to follow a page 3 cause. This is not a rational argument. This argument centers on the theory of constant conjunction, which does not fall under either fork of reason. All inferences from experience, therefore, are effects of custom, not reasoning. (57) Hume analyzed the idea of causality by emphasizing the three demands that can be verified through observation. First he argued the aspect of constant conjunction. In this aspect, the cause and effect must be spatially and constantly existent. Secondly, he asserted that it must have temporal priority, in that, the cause had to precede the effect. Lastly, the event must have a necessary connection- we must develop an understanding of why a cause produces a certain effect. Humes critique of causation is that we cannot see it, we must infer it. For example, two billiard balls, one moving toward the next demonstrate temporal priority because one ball is moving first. Secondly, constant conjunction occurs because the balls exist together spatially and constantly. But, there is no necessary reason why this happens. Hume asserted that we can imagine a world in which the effect would be different. He then concluded that we cant get an impression of a necessary connection, we can only experience constant conjunction and temporal priority. Experience only teaches us how one event constantly follows another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them together. (77) We therefore conclude that reason is a limited faculty and that we have no reason to trust our common methods of argument or to think that our usual analogies and probabilities have any authority. (83) In conclusion, Hume asserted that since we do not have any impression of necessary connections, it is our expectation that believes the effect will follow the cause. page 4 The appearance of a cause always conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. (87) Since we are trained to expect the impression of necessary connection, the idea of it comes from our minds. Therefore, our belief in necessary connections of the universe is based on a rational facts. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher after Hume, sets out to reform metaphysics. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics would be impossible. But, Kant was unwilling to surrender to Humes skeptical argument, so Kant sets out to do a critique in order to explore the possibilities and reform metaphysics. Kant begins his critique searching for ? a priori knowledge within philosophy. Kant began to search for the ? a priori principles that were rationally deductible in order to explain why we perceive the things we cannot perceive. Kant believed that the only way that we could get to things necessary and universal was through ? a priori. Kant found that the concept of the connection of cause and effect was by no means the only concept by which the understanding thinks the connection of things ? a priori, but rather that metaphysics consists altogether of such concepts. (8) Kant began to examine pure ? a priori reason by establishing his critique. He stated that there are boundaries and contents. He set out to find what is inside the limitations and what is outside. Kant examined the three bodies of knowledge: math, physical science and metaphysics. Kant said that science must have necessity and universality. This places math and science within reason. Kant first divided judgement into two kinds of knowledge- analytic and synthetic. In the Prolegomena, Kant criticized Hume for having regarded mathematical judgements as analytic. Had he realized that page 5 they were synthetic, Hume would have been able to conclude that some synthetic judgements can be made ? a prior. Kant concluded that math and science fell under ? a priori synthetic judgements. This gives us universality, but it also tells us something. For Kant, knowledge must be necessary and universal qualities must come from ? a priori synthetic judgements. They have to tell us something we dont know, something completely independent of experience. This idea of Kants, completely contradicts Hume. Hume had asserted that anything based on empirical facts had no necessity, and therefore was contingent. Hume also stated that empirical facts couldnt give us universality either, because we cant know future will resemble the past. Kant stated that all Humes beliefs centered upon the fact that nothing but experience could furnish us with such connections. (24) For Hume, all science was empirical, and we could only know what happened so far. In contrast, for Kant, he said that scientific laws claim necessity and universality. It is only from ? a priori that we get universality and necessity. Kant then continued his critique to decipher if metaphysics is possible. Kant separated the faculties of the mind and the way it thinks into three distinctive categories. First, he stated that math was exhibited through intuition. The forms of intuition were ? a priori and had two capacities. First, intuition gave us space and time through pure intuition, and sensory data through empirical intuition. Then, Kant set up a metaphysical distinction between numena and phenomena. Numena represents the things in themselves, while phenomena represents the things for us. In this dichotomy we have no page 6 access to numena. The only way we can get to things outside us is through intuition, but intuition has these forms. This shows our limitations. Mathematics is not applicable to numena. We can have mathematical knowledge of phenomena. From this we can infer we have inter-subjective knowledge. Kant has given us universal and necessary knowledge in the phenomenal realm. Kant points out that the error may arise owing to an illusion, in which [he proclaim] to be universally valid what is merely a subjective condition of the intuition of thing and certain only of all objects of senses, namely for all possible experience. (39) Kant has just suggested that the error and base for all metaphysics is not distinguishing between phenomena and numena. Finally, Kant explained that everything is a distinction of phenomena and numena. We receive necessity and universality through this distinction and also from the projection that phenomena comes from certain ? a priori aspects. Therefore, the future will resemble the past, because we make it resemble the past. Kant used understanding, the second faculty of the mind to explain causality. As the understanding stands in need of categories for experience, reason contains in itself the source of ideas. (76) The function of understanding is thinking, and thinking must use concepts to be an objective thought. The presence of this objective thought verifies its actuality. Therefore, causality, for Kant, was the way in which mind puts together experiences to understand them. Kant found many problems within Humes account. Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solved the problems he saw within Humes account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated page 7 that Hume justly maintains that we cannot comprehend by reason the possibility of causality. (57) Kant also attacked Humes ideas by describing Humes treatment of the concept of causality to be a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience. (5) Kant succeeded in re- establishing the objectivity of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.